The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.
Identifieur interne : 000B09 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000B08; suivant : 000B10The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.
Auteurs : Wajiha Haq [Pakistan] ; Syed Hassan Raza [Pakistan] ; Tahir Mahmood [Hong Kong]Source :
- PeerJ [ 2167-8359 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Background
Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any.
Methods
This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness.
Results
Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier.
Discussion and conclusion
The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women's safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10472
PubMed: 33282567
PubMed Central: PMC7694561
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.</title><author><name sortKey="Haq, Wajiha" sort="Haq, Wajiha" uniqKey="Haq W" first="Wajiha" last="Haq">Wajiha Haq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raza, Syed Hassan" sort="Raza, Syed Hassan" uniqKey="Raza S" first="Syed Hassan" last="Raza">Syed Hassan Raza</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, Tahir" sort="Mahmood, Tahir" uniqKey="Mahmood T" first="Tahir" last="Mahmood">Tahir Mahmood</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kowloon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33282567</idno><idno type="pmid">33282567</idno><idno type="doi">10.7717/peerj.10472</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7694561</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000900</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000900</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000900</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000900</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000900</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.</title><author><name sortKey="Haq, Wajiha" sort="Haq, Wajiha" uniqKey="Haq W" first="Wajiha" last="Haq">Wajiha Haq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raza, Syed Hassan" sort="Raza, Syed Hassan" uniqKey="Raza S" first="Syed Hassan" last="Raza">Syed Hassan Raza</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, Tahir" sort="Mahmood, Tahir" uniqKey="Mahmood T" first="Tahir" last="Mahmood">Tahir Mahmood</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kowloon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PeerJ</title><idno type="ISSN">2167-8359</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Background</b></p><p>Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Methods</b></p><p>This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Results</b></p><p>Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Discussion and conclusion</b></p><p>The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women's safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33282567</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>08</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2167-8359</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>8</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PeerJ</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PeerJ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e10472</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.7717/peerj.10472</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="Background" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Methods" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Results" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Discussion and conclusion" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women's safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 Haq et al.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haq</LastName><ForeName>Wajiha</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7347-9196</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Raza</LastName><ForeName>Syed Hassan</ForeName><Initials>SH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mahmood</LastName><ForeName>Tahir</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8748-5949</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PeerJ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101603425</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2167-8359</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Happiness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Lockdown</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Married</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Violence</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Women</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>34</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33282567</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.7717/peerj.10472</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10472</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7694561</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Glob Health Action. 2020 Dec 31;13(1):1739845</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32202227</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Mar 14;395(10227):846-848</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32151325</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gend Work Organ. 2020 May 08;:</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32837000</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Soc Work Public Health. 2015;30(1):18-29</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25317923</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Psychol Sci. 2002 Jan;13(1):81-4</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">11894851</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 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last="Haq">Wajiha Haq</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Raza, Syed Hassan" sort="Raza, Syed Hassan" uniqKey="Raza S" first="Syed Hassan" last="Raza">Syed Hassan Raza</name></country><country name="Hong Kong"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mahmood, Tahir" sort="Mahmood, Tahir" uniqKey="Mahmood T" first="Tahir" last="Mahmood">Tahir Mahmood</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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